Normalización de los formatos de ficheros de las suites ofimáticas

lunes, 11 de diciembre de 2006

Desde hace algunas semanas el problema de la normalización de los formatos de almacenamiento de datos de las suites ofimáticas ha evolucionado mucho. El ISO acaba de publicar las especificaciones del formato OpenDocument y el ECMA acaba de votar por la adopción del formato Open XML de Microsoft. Además de la utilización de restricciones digitales (DRM) podrían venir a perturbar esta aparente apertura de nuestros formatos de datos.

Pues es tiempo de examinar estos cambios y de preguntarse sobre las probables evoluciones a medio plazo.

Del lado de OpenDocument que es usado especialmente por OpenOffice y Koffice, la Organización Internacional para la Estandarización (ISO) acaba de publicar las especificaciones de este formato que pasa así la última etapa de su reconocimiento como estándar oficial.

Después del voto sobre su adopción que tuvo lugar en mayo esta publicación va a reforzar las oportunidades de OpenDocument en la batalla que se le opone a los distintos formatos propietarios y en primer lugar a los formatos de la suite Microsoft Office.

En efecto parece que la utilización de suites compatibles con OpenDocument comienza realmente a extenderse (únicamente en Francia se pueden citar La Gendarmería nacional, El Ministerio de Agricultura, La Administración Central o también La Asamblea Nacional) y este formato esta respaldado por grandes empresas como IBM, SUN, Adobe o también Google.

Del lado de Microsoft no se resta el paso con los brazos cruzados y la empresa es perfectamente consciente de la amenaza que pesa sobre ella. MS Office representa una parte importante de las rentas de Microsoft y el margen generado por la suite ofimática es enorme. Es pues peligroso que el gigante del software deje desaparecer esta vaca con leche.

La respuesta tomó la forma de un nuevo formato ofimático (Open XML) que será utilizado por la nueva versión de Office (Microsoft Office 2007). Más allá de las distintas comparaciones técnicas o las observaciones irónicas sobre la pesadez de las especificaciones de Open XML a causa del peso de la compatibilidad (más de 6000 páginas contra 722 para OpenDocument) lo que importa es el grado por supuesto de apertura e interoperatividad de este nuevo formato.

Microsoft se comprometió que la licencias de Open XML sea gratuita y perpetua e inició una normalización por medio del ECMA (European association for standardizing information and communnication systems). La votación tuvo lugar el 7 de diciembre y a pesar del voto en contra de IBM, se aprobó el formato Open XML. Es bastante inusual registrar un voto negativo por parte de una de las partes implicadas ya que los debates preliminares se desarrollan con el fin de nivelar las diferencias. Este voto de IBM pues suscitó muchos comentarios (aquí, aquí o también es este diario).

A pesar de esta controversia las especificaciones finales de Open XML ahora estan disponibles sobre el sitio del ECMA y Microsoft anunció su voluntad de obtener también una certificación ISO de su formato. Un paquete para re-compatilizar con las antiguas versiones (office 2000, XP y 2003) de la suite esta disponible para descargar con el fin de facilitar la adopción más rápida posible de Open XML.

A primera vista parece que esta terrible batalla de estandarización sea positiva para el usuario que podrá aprovecharse de una mejor interoperatividad entre los distintos programas ofimáticos y de seguro que sus preciosos datos no serán prisioneros de un contenedor opaco y propietario.

Sin embargo, como siempre con Microsoft se podría decir que la situación esta lejos de ser rosada que prevista. En efecto el formato Open XML, a causa de su exorbitante extensión es extremadamente difícil de aplicar correctamente. Algunas personas se adelantan en decir que es una táctica deliberada por parte de Microsoft para suplantar a sus competidores. Según las propias palabras de Rick Schaut empleado de la división MAC de Microsoft, es necesario tener a cinco desarrolladores-año para hacer un cuarto del trabajo únicamente sobre Word. Andrew Shebanow, empleado de Abode se divirtió calculando el coste total que representa la implementación completa del estándar, su conclusión es que sería necesario alrededor de 150 desarrolladores-año. ¿Cuales son los proyectos libres que podrán permitirse este derroche de medios? ¿y vale la pena gastar tal nivel de recursos solamente para aplicar un formato ofimático mientras que OpenDocument ya existe?

Para empeorar aún la situación el formato Open XML se critica su enfoque que favorece la inclusión de todos los estratos de los anteriores formatos de MS Office. Se encuentran estructuras de datos que son modelados directamente según Windows y que no tienen ninguna capa de abstracción. Se encuentra también una gestión de las excepciones extremadamente criticable del tipo: interpret this bit as X when it comes from Mac, as Y when it comes from Win32 and even different when its written before date Z.

Con todo esta es casi imposible una implementación correctamen del formato y no es la peor, ciertos partidarios del software libre temen que la gestión digital de los derechos (DRM) sobre los documentos ofimáticos no sea la verdadera amenaza futura.

Cory Doctorow, el celebre autor y activista del conocimiento libre, piensa que Microsoft no abandonó la lucha sobre el frente del formato de datos para concentrarse mejor en el encarcelamiento de los usuarios y aplastar a sus competidores por medio de los DRM.

En una tribuna del sitio InformationWeek analiza esta amenaza y sostiene que la inclusión de los módulos de gestión de derechos de autor en los ordenadores fue el comienzo en esta nueva ofensiva. El sistema de explotación de Windows Vista, en asociación de la suite de Microsoft Office 2007, permitirá administrar cerrojos sobre los documentos lo que prohibirá completamente toda tentativa de compatibilidad.

"If your PC doesn't pass muster -- because you're running a third-party document reader, or a modified OS, or an OS inside a virtual machine -- then you don't get any keys."
Traducción libre: Si su ordenador no se juzga adecuado porque utilizan un diferente software, o un sistema operativo modificado, o un sistema operativo en una máquina virtual entonces usted no obtendrá las claves.

Esta teoría explicaría porqué Microsoft ha aceptado fácilmente normalizar su formato de datos ofimático. Aunque los programas informáticos competidores lleguen a implementar el formato Open XML ellos no podrán leer los documentos que exigen una clave de liberación y los usuarios seguirán utilizando los productos de Microsoft. ¡Más bonito es obviamente que incluso la simple tentativa de encontrar las claves es prohibida por la ley!.

Como lo escrito por Cory Doctorow:
"The Trusted Computing Module has sat silently on the motherboard for years now. Adding Vista and IRM to it is takes it from egg to larva, and turning on remote attestation in a year or two, once everyone is on next-generation Office, will bring the larva to adulthood, complete with venomous stinger."

* Traducción de http://linuxfr.org/2006/12/09/21753.html
* El documento una traducción libre y no es 100% precisa.

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